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Australian Faunal Directory FishBase Names Scientific source: Integrated Taxonomic Information System Supported by National Biological Information Infrastructure National Science Foundation go to Discover Life's Facebook group Following modified from Australian Faunal Directory    Top | See original &pull 20q v5.145 20180528: Error 301 Moved Permanently http://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/ace2fdde-7aa6-4193-b638-5008fda593d5 Following modified from FishBase    Top | See original http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Epinephelus&speciesname=polyphekadion ---> http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Epinephelus&speciesname=polyphekadion http://52.67.158.155/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Epinephelus&speciesname=polyphekadion ---> https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Epinephelus&speciesname=polyphekadion https://fishbase.net.br/Summary/speciesSummary.php?genusname=Epinephelus&speciesname=polyphekadion ---> https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Epinephelus-polyphekadion.html You can sponsor this page Common name (e.g. trout) contains begins with begins with ends with is Genus + Species (e.g. Gadus morhua) About this page More Info Plus d'info Mais info Languages Arabic Bahasa/Malay Bangla Chinese(Si) Chinese(Tr) Deutsch English Español Farsi Français Greek Hindi Italiano Japanese Lao Nederlands Português(Br) Português(Pt) Russian Swedish Thai Vietnamese User feedbacks Comments &   Corrections Fish Forum Guest Book Facebook Citation Uploads Attach website Upload photo Upload video Upload   references Fish Watcher Related species Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Species in    Epinephelus Species in    Epinephelidae - Classification - Epinephelidae Perciformes/Serranoidei Teleostei Chordata Animalia Epinephelus polyphekadion ( Bleeker , 1849 ) Camouflage grouper Add your observation in Fish Watcher Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. Epinephelus polyphekadion   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos  and  videos Pictures | Videos | Google image Epinephelus polyphekadion Picture by Randall, J.E. Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes( genus , species ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa Teleostei (teleosts) > Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers) Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335 ) . More on author: Bleeker . Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology Marine; reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243 ); depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 128797 ). Tropical; 30°N - 34°S, 27°E - 134°W (Ref. 5222 ) Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and east coast of Africa to French Polynesia. In the western Pacific it ranges from southern Japan to southern Queensland and Lord Howe Island. Often confused with Epinephelus fuscoguttatus . Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age Maturity: L m   ? , range 58 - ? cm Max length : 90.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4319 ); common length : 90.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5450 ) Short description Morphology | Morphometrics Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14-15; Anal spines : 3; Anal soft rays : 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth 2.7-3.1 in SL; preopercle rounded, finely serrate; upper edge of operculum distinctly convex; rear nostril diameter about twice that of anterior nostril; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 15-1= 24-27; dorsal-fin spines third or fourth longest, 2.7-3.3 in HL and distinctly shorter than longest dorsal-fin ray; 2-3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw; front of jaws with inconspicuous fixed canines; body scales ctenoid in broad zone on side from beneath pectoral fin to caudal peduncle, the rest cycloid; caudal fin rounded; pectoral-fin rays 16-18, fin length 1.7-2.1 in HL; short pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in HL; lateral-line scales 47-52, in series 95-110. Colour of head, body, and fins pale brown, covered with small dark brown spots; upper half whitish, head and body with irregular dark blotches (more distinct on live specimens) superimposed over the dark spots; prominent black saddle blotch on caudal peduncle; dark spots extend all over head, including lower jaw, lips, branchiostegal membranes, gular area, and inside of mouth; numerous small white spots on fins (more distinct on live fish). a few on head and body; juveniles with a pair of blackish spots on each side of snout and a black spot at margin of second and third interspinous dorsal membranes (Ref. 39231 , 89707 , 90102 ). Biology     Glossary (e.g. epibenthic) Often found in coral-rich areas of lagoon and outer reefs; in caves and large crevices to swim through (Ref. 48635 ). Most abundant around islands, particularly atolls. Usually in small schools but may be solitary (Ref 90102). Feeds mainly on crustaceans (portunid crabs) and fishes, sometimes on cephalopods and gastropods. In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253 ). This species is important in artisanal fisheries, but occasionally implicated in cases of ciguatera (frequently ciguatoxic in the Marshall Is., Ref. 37816). It is now uncommon at localities with heavy spearfishing, but popular in the aquaculture industry of Singapore, where it is known as 'marble grouper'. It is caught with hook-and-line, spear, and traps (Ref. 39231 ). Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall , 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222 ) IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435 )   Vulnerable (VU)  (A2bd); Date assessed: 20 November 2016 CITES Not Evaluated CMS (Ref. 116361 ) Not Evaluated Threat to humans   Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 1602 ) Human uses Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental FAO - Fisheries: landings ; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us More information Countries FAO areas Ecosystems Occurrences Introductions Stocks Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration Common names Synonyms Metabolism Predators Ecotoxicology Reproduction Maturity Spawning Spawning aggregation Fecundity Eggs Egg development Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae Larval dynamics Recruitment Abundance BRUVS References Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Strains Genetics Electrophoreses Heritability Diseases Processing Nutrients Mass conversion Collaborators Pictures Stamps, Coins Misc. Sounds Ciguatera Speed Swim. type Gill area Otoliths Brains Vision Tools Bio-Quiz | E-book | Field guide | Identification keys | Length-frequency wizard | Life-history tool | Point map | Classification Tree | Catch-MSY | Special reports Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets Download XML Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos Internet sources AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes : genus , species | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Fisheries: landings ; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome , nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | National databases | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go , Search | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record Estimates based on models Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201 ): 24.5 - 28.9, mean 27.6 °C (based on 698 cells). Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804 ):  PD 50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01065 - 0.01357), b=3.04 (3.02 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245 ). Trophic level (Ref. 69278 ):  4.0   ±0.5 se; based on diet studies. Resilience (Ref. 120179 ):  Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.). Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153 ):  Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100). Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649 ):  Very high vulnerability (79 of 100). Price category (Ref. 80766 ):   Very high . Nutrients (Ref. 124155 ):  Calcium = 20.2 [10.0, 44.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.434 [0.232, 0.894] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.2, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.11 [0.07, 0.18] g/100g; Selenium = 37.6 [22.1, 68.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 137 [38, 494] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.1 [0.8, 1.6] mg/100g (wet weight); Comments & Corrections Back to Search Random Species Back to Top Accessed through: Not available FishBase mirror site : Laguna, Philippines Page last modified by : mrius-barile Updated: 2024-05-07 20:46:30 gmt Discover Life | Top © Designed by The Polistes Corporation